Comprehensive Review of Geothermal Energy, Principles, Exploitation Technologies, Advantages, Disadvantages, and Future Prospects

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

Birjand University of Technology

10.22091/jaem.2026.16263.1047

Abstract

Geothermal energy is a renewable energy source that makes it possible to access a large amount of energy inside the earth. This type of energy can be used to generate both electricity and thermal energy. This article first discusses the origin of geothermal energy. It then discusses methods for utilizing this type of energy to generate electricity and also heat energy through geothermal heat pumps (GHP). Then, the numerous advantages of this method are mentioned, such as the availability of a large amount of energy, low greenhouse gas emissions, small space occupation, and high efficiency. In contrast to these advantages, the challenges of using this type of energy, including high initial cost, environmental impacts (such as seismic, emissions of some gases), geographical limitations, and concerns about the sustainability of this energy, have also been discussed. The applications of geothermal energy are then discussed. These applications include the industrial, agricultural, residential, and tourism sectors. Finally, the potential of this energy for developing and supplying energy on a much larger scale than the current level has been pointed out, and it is hoped that this energy can be used in a completely sustainable manner in the future.

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Advances in Energy and Materials Research

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 25 August 2026

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